he
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he
Third-person singular masculine personal pronoun in the nominative. It refers to a male person or a masculine noun that is being talked about.
Mein Bruder ist nicht da, er ist zur Arbeit gegangen.
My brother isn't here; he went to work.
'Er' (he) refers not only to male people, but to all nouns with the article 'der'. So you can also talk about a table, a chair, or a dog using 'er' (he).
Wo ist der Schlüssel? Er liegt auf dem Tisch.
Where is the key? It is on the table.
When 'er' (he) is the subject in the sentence, the conjugated verb in the present tense normally ends in '-t'. This is how you can recognize the third-person singular.
Er arbeitet bei einer großen Firma.
He works at a large company.
'Er' (he) is the form for the subject, or nominative. When the male person or thing is the object, you use 'ihn' (him/it, accusative) or 'ihm' (him/it, dative).
Ich kenne ihn schon lange.
I have known him for a long time.
the
'der' and 'er' can both refer to a male person or to a masculine noun. 'er' is the normal personal pronoun when you are calmly continuing to talk about the same person or thing. 'der' as a demonstrative pronoun points more strongly to someone or something and often sounds more emphasized. In everyday speech, 'der' can sometimes be used similarly to 'er', but it sounds more direct and, depending on the tone, can also sound rude. Learners confuse the words because both can replace a masculine noun. As a safe choice, 'er' is usually more neutral.
Max spielt morgen Fußball, weil er wieder gesund ist.
Max is playing soccer tomorrow because he is healthy again.
Der da vorne hat beim Einkaufen sein Handy vergessen.
That guy up front forgot his phone while shopping.