above-mentioned / protruding
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above-mentioned
In a text or document: named or mentioned above or previously. This word is mainly used in formal, administrative, or legal language.
Die vorstehenden Regelungen treten mit sofortiger Wirkung in Kraft.
The above-mentioned regulations take effect immediately.
'Vorstehend' is the present participle of the verb 'vorstehen.' This verb means both 'to protrude' and 'to head/manage something.' The adjective is declined when it comes before a noun.
Bitte beachten Sie den vorstehenden Hinweis.
Please note the above-mentioned notice.
The meaning depends on the noun. In connection with abstract nouns such as 'Absatz' (paragraph) or 'Regelung' (regulation), it means 'previously mentioned.' In connection with concrete nouns such as 'Fels' (rock) or 'Kinn' (chin), it means 'protruding.'
Die vorstehende Anmerkung ist besonders wichtig.
The above-mentioned comment is especially important.
In the meaning 'previously mentioned,' 'vorstehend' is used almost exclusively in formal written language, especially in contracts, laws, or official letters.
Alle vorstehenden Angaben müssen der Wahrheit entsprechen.
All above-mentioned information must be truthful.
In its physical meaning, 'vorstehend' (protruding) is often used to describe body parts or parts of buildings and landscapes. Typical examples are: ein vorstehendes Kinn (a protruding chin), ein vorstehender Balkon (a projecting balcony), ein vorstehender Fels (a protruding rock).
Das vorstehende Dach schützte uns vor der Sonne.
The projecting roof protected us from the sun.
following
'nachfolgend' and 'vorstehend' can both be used in texts or documents, but they point in opposite directions. 'nachfolgend' means something that comes afterward or is mentioned next. 'vorstehend' means something that was already mentioned above or earlier. 'vorstehend' usually sounds formal, for example in contracts or official letters. Learners may confuse the words because both refer to places in a text. Remember: 'nachfolgend' comes afterward, while 'vorstehend' appears earlier in the text.
Bitte bestätigen Sie die vorstehenden Angaben mit Ihrer Unterschrift.
Please confirm the above information with your signature.
Die nachfolgenden Regeln gelten für alle Mitglieder der Gruppe.
The following rules apply to all members of the group.