teacher
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teacher
A person whose job is to teach other people, especially children and teenagers at a school, and to pass on knowledge to them.
Der Lehrer hat uns die Hausaufgaben für morgen erklärt.
The teacher explained the homework for tomorrow to us.
The noun 'der Lehrer' (the teacher) is derived directly from the verb 'lehren' (to teach). A teacher is therefore literally a person who teaches others something.
Ein guter Lehrer kann komplizierte Dinge einfach lehren.
A good teacher can teach complicated things simply.
To name a teacher's subject, you either use the preposition 'für' (for) or form a compound noun. Both are very common.
Frau Schmidt ist unsere Lehrerin für Biologie.
Ms. Schmidt is our biology teacher.
In a figurative sense, 'Lehrer' (teacher) is used for a formative experience or lesson. You can recognize this meaning when the subject is not a person, but something abstract like 'das Leben' (life) or 'die Not' (hardship).
Das Leben ist oft der beste Lehrer.
Life is often the best teacher.
student / pupil
'der Schüler' and 'der Lehrer' both belong to school, but they have opposite roles. The student learns and attends class. The teacher teaches, explains, and gives assignments. Learners may confuse the words because both people are in the classroom. The important thing is the direction: the teacher gives knowledge; the student receives it and practices it.
Nach der Pause erklärt der Lehrer die neue Grammatik.
After the break, the teacher explains the new grammar.
Der Schüler fragt nach, weil er die Aufgabe nicht versteht.
The student asks a follow-up question because he does not understand the task.