Turk
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Turk
A male citizen of Turkey or a male person who belongs to the Turkish ethnic or cultural community.
Mein neuer Kollege ist Türke und kommt ursprünglich aus Ankara.
My new colleague is Turkish and originally comes from Ankara.
'Der Türke' (the Turk) is a noun of the N-declension. This means it takes the ending '-n' in all cases except the nominative singular. This is a common source of mistakes.
Ich habe mit dem Türken gesprochen.
I spoke with the Turk.
Other important words are derived from 'der Türke' (the Turk): 'die Türkei' (Turkey, the country), 'die Türkin' (the female person), and 'türkisch' (Turkish, the adjective).
Die Hauptstadt der Türkei ist Ankara.
The capital of Turkey is Ankara.
The adjective 'türkisch' (Turkish) is used to describe things that come from Turkey or are connected with it. Common combinations are 'türkisches Essen' (Turkish food), 'türkische Kultur' (Turkish culture), or 'türkische Herkunft' (Turkish origin).
Am Abend essen wir in einem türkischen Restaurant.
In the evening, we are eating at a Turkish restaurant.
Arab / Arabian
'der Türke' and 'der Araber' describe people by origin, culture, or language, but they are sometimes incorrectly mixed up. A 'Türke' is a man from Turkey or with Turkish background. An 'Araber' is a person from an Arab country, of Arab descent, or with Arabic as a native language. Turkey is not an Arab country, and Turkish is not an Arabic language. Therefore, you should not use these words based on appearance or religion, but based on origin, language, or how someone identifies themself.
Mein Nachbar ist Türke und spricht mit seiner Familie oft Türkisch.
My neighbor is Turkish and often speaks Turkish with his family.
Der neue Kollege ist Araber aus Marokko und spricht Arabisch und Französisch.
The new colleague is an Arab from Morocco and speaks Arabic and French.