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to go missing
To get lost or be stolen; to no longer be findable or in a person's possession.
Beim Umzug ist mir leider eine Kiste mit alten Fotos abhanden gekommen.
During the move, a box of old photos unfortunately went missing.
The word contains the parts 'ab' (away) and 'Hand' (hand). So something that 'abhanden kommt' (goes missing) has literally 'gone from your hand' or is no longer within reach.
Mein Regenschirm ist mir im Zug abhanden gekommen.
My umbrella went missing on the train.
This word is used almost exclusively in the fixed expression 'abhanden kommen' (to go missing). It cannot stand before a noun; a sentence like 'der abhandene Schlüssel' is incorrect.
Pass auf deine Tasche auf, damit sie dir nicht abhanden kommt.
Watch your bag so it doesn't go missing.
The person who loses something is always in the dative. The lost item is the subject of the sentence.
Dem Jungen ist sein Lieblingsspielzeug abhanden gekommen.
The boy's favorite toy went missing.
to be absent / to be missing
'fehlen' and 'abhanden' both have to do with something not being there. 'fehlen' is more general: something is not present or not present in sufficient quantity, for example money, time, or a document. 'abhanden' is almost always used in 'abhanden kommen'. It means that something has been lost or stolen and can no longer be found. Learners may confuse the words because in both cases something is missing. If you are only saying that something is not there, 'fehlen' fits. If you want to emphasize that something has gone missing, 'abhanden gekommen' is more precise.
Im Urlaub ist uns der Wohnungsschlüssel abhandengekommen.
Our apartment key went missing while we were on vacation.
Für die Anmeldung fehlt noch eine Unterschrift.
One signature is still missing for the registration.