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bell
A cup-shaped metal instrument that produces a loud sound when struck and is often found in church towers.
Jeden Mittag um zwölf Uhr läutet die Glocke der Dorfkirche.
Every day at noon, the bell of the village church rings.
The verb gives you a clue to the meaning. If a 'Glocke' (bell) 'läutet' (rings) or 'schlägt' (strikes), the instrument is meant. If you 'hebt' (lift) a 'Glocke' (cover/cloche), it is a cover. The expression 'an die große Glocke hängen' (to make something public) is a fixed idiom.
Hörst du die Glocken von der Kathedrale läuten?
Can you hear the bells from the cathedral ringing?
When referring to the instrument, the typical verbs are 'läuten' (to ring regularly), 'schlagen' (to strike at a certain time), and 'klingen' (to sound, referring to the sound itself).
Die Uhr am Turm schlägt jede volle Stunde.
The clock on the tower strikes every full hour.
In the meaning of 'Abdeckung' (cover), the word is often used in compounds that describe the purpose more precisely. Common examples are 'die Käseglocke' (cheese cover) or 'die Glasglocke' (glass dome).
Stell bitte die Käseglocke zurück in den Kühlschrank.
Please put the cheese cover back in the refrigerator.
The idiom 'etwas an die große Glocke hängen' (to make something public) is a fixed unit. It means to tell information everywhere unnecessarily or boastfully.
Es ist nur eine kleine Gehaltserhöhung, das muss ich nicht an die große Glocke hängen.
It's only a small raise; I don't need to make it public.
lid / cap
'der Deckel' and 'die Glocke' can both be a kind of cover for something. A 'Deckel' usually closes the opening of a container, for example a pot, a jar, or a box. A 'Glocke' in this meaning is a dome-shaped cover, often over food, for example a 'Käseglocke' (cheese cover). The words can be confusing because both cover something. 'Deckel' fits when something is directly closed. 'Glocke' fits more when a dome or hood stands protectively over something.
Unter der Glasglocke bleibt der Käse auf dem Tisch frisch.
Under the glass cover, the cheese on the table stays fresh.
Bitte mach den Deckel auf den Topf, damit die Suppe warm bleibt.
Please put the lid on the pot so the soup stays warm.