by now / meanwhile
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by now
Describes a change that has taken place from an earlier point in time up to now; in the sense of 'mittlerweile' (by now).
Anfangs war er sehr schüchtern, aber inzwischen ist er viel selbstbewusster geworden.
At first he was very shy, but by now he has become much more confident.
The word is a compound of 'in' and 'zwischen' (between). So it literally describes a state or action that takes place 'in the time between' two moments or events.
Früher mochte ich keinen Fisch, inzwischen esse ich ihn sehr gerne.
I used to not like fish, but by now I really enjoy eating it.
'Inzwischen' is an adverb that often stands at the beginning of a sentence (position 1). In this case, the conjugated verb moves to position 2, directly after 'inzwischen.'
Inzwischen hat sich die Situation beruhigt.
By now the situation has calmed down.
The meaning depends on the context. If 'inzwischen' refers to a change between the past and today, it means 'mittlerweile' (by now). If it describes two simultaneous actions, it means 'währenddessen' (meanwhile).
Er zog nach Berlin und hat inzwischen eine Familie gegründet.
He moved to Berlin and by now has started a family.
meanwhile
'mittlerweile' and 'inzwischen' mean almost the same thing in many sentences. Both show that something has changed from an earlier point in time up to now. 'inzwischen' can also mean that something happens while another action is taking place. But in the meaning 'something has changed by now', the words can usually be exchanged. 'mittlerweile' often sounds a little more like a current result.
Ich habe inzwischen einen neuen Termin bekommen.
I have received a new appointment by now.
Mittlerweile fährt der Bus wieder regelmäßig.
By now, the bus is running regularly again.