meanwhile
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meanwhile
Expresses that something has happened or changed in the meantime up to the present point. Synonyms are 'inzwischen' (by now/in the meantime) and 'unterdessen' (meanwhile).
Anfangs mochte ich keinen Kaffee, aber mittlerweile trinke ich ihn jeden Morgen.
At first I didn't like coffee, but by now I drink it every morning.
The word is made up of 'mittler' (middle) and 'Weile' (a period of time). So it literally means 'in the middle time' and describes what has happened in the time between an earlier moment and the present moment.
Er ist vor einem Jahr umgezogen und hat mittlerweile viele neue Freunde gefunden.
He moved a year ago and has since made many new friends.
As an adverb, 'mittlerweile' (meanwhile/by now) can stand in position 1, followed by the verb in position 2. But it can also stand after the conjugated verb within the sentence.
Mittlerweile verstehe ich die Grammatikregel.
By now I understand the grammar rule.
'Mittlerweile' (meanwhile/by now) often emphasizes a contrast between 'früher' (earlier/in the past) and 'jetzt' (now). The sentence implies that a situation has changed over time.
Früher hatte ich Angst vor Hunden, aber mittlerweile spiele ich gerne mit ihnen.
I used to be afraid of dogs, but by now I enjoy playing with them.
already
'bereits' and 'mittlerweile' both refer to time and can show that something has already happened or is now true. 'bereits' emphasizes that something happened earlier than expected or before a certain point in time. 'mittlerweile' emphasizes the time in between: something has changed since earlier, and now the new state has been reached. Learners confuse the words because both are often connected with 'schon' (already). As a guide: 'bereits' fits well when something is earlier than expected, while 'mittlerweile' fits a development up to the present.
In der Stadt fahren mittlerweile viele Busse elektrisch.
By now, many buses in the city run on electricity.
Ali hat die Tickets bereits gestern gekauft.
Ali already bought the tickets yesterday.