
die Sekunde
second
The base unit of time in the International System of Units (SI); the sixtieth part of a minute.
Eine Minute besteht aus sechzig Sekunden.
A minute consists of sixty seconds.
second
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second
The base unit of time in the International System of Units (SI); the sixtieth part of a minute.
Eine Minute besteht aus sechzig Sekunden.
A minute consists of sixty seconds.

second / moment
A very short period of time; a moment.
Warte mal eine Sekunde, ich bin gleich bei dir.
Wait a second, I'll be right with you.

second
A unit for measuring angles, corresponding to the sixtieth part of an arcminute. Also called an arcsecond.
Die genaue Position wurde auf Grad, Minute und Sekunde bestimmt.
The exact position was determined in degrees, minutes, and seconds.
In the meaning of 'kurzer Moment' (brief moment), 'Sekunde' (second) is very often used in spoken language to ask someone to be patient for a short moment.
Gib mir nur eine Sekunde, dann helfe ich dir.
Give me just a second, then I'll help you.
The expression 'in letzter Sekunde' (at the last second) means that something happens just in time, shortly before it would have been too late.
Er hat den Zug in letzter Sekunde erreicht.
He caught the train at the last second.
The meaning as a unit of angle is very specific. You can recognize it because it almost always appears together with the words 'Grad' (degree) and 'Minute' (minute) in a scientific or geographic context.
Die Koordinaten des Schiffes wurden mit Grad, Minute und Sekunde angegeben.
The ship's coordinates were given in degrees, minutes, and seconds.
moment
In a request, Moment and Sekunde can both refer to a very short waiting time. Moment leaves the exact duration open. Sekunde presents the expected wait as particularly short, without necessarily meaning exactly one measured second in such a request.

Warten Sie bitte eine Sekunde, ich hole nur schnell die Unterlagen.
Please wait a second; I'll just quickly get the documents.
Warten Sie bitte einen Moment, ich hole die Unterlagen.
Please wait a moment; I'll get the documents.