however
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however
Expresses an opposition or contrast to a previous statement. It introduces a subordinate clause or a new main clause that describes the opposite.
Mein Bruder liebt den Winter, ich hingegen mag den Sommer viel lieber.
My brother loves winter; I, however, much prefer summer.
'Hingegen' (however) can appear in different positions in the sentence. If it is in position 1, the verb follows immediately. If it comes after the verb (position 3), the normal sentence structure does not change.
Er liebt die Stadt. Hingegen wohnt seine Schwester lieber auf dem Land.
He loves the city. His sister, however, prefers to live in the countryside.
This word is mainly used in written language or in more formal conversations to express a clear contrast.
Die Umsätze im letzten Jahr waren gut, die Gewinne hingegen blieben niedrig.
Sales last year were good; profits, however, remained low.
'Hingegen' (however) always creates a contrast with information that was mentioned directly before it. It connects two sentences or parts of a sentence that contradict each other.
Im Norden Deutschlands ist es heute kühl und regnerisch, im Süden hingegen scheint die Sonne.
In northern Germany it is cool and rainy today; in the south, however, the sun is shining.
but
'aber' and 'hingegen' both express a contrast. 'aber' is more general: it can connect a limitation, a contradiction, or a simple contrast. 'hingegen' is used mainly when you directly compare two people, things, or statements. It means roughly 'im Gegensatz dazu' (in contrast to that). Learners may confuse the words because both bring in a different thought after a first statement. If you just want to say 'doch' or 'aber' (but), 'aber' is more natural. If you are clearly setting two sides against each other, 'hingegen' is more precise.
Ich kaufe gern online ein, meine Schwester hingegen geht lieber in kleine Geschäfte.
I like shopping online; my sister, however, prefers going to small shops.
Der Chef ist im Urlaub, aber er liest wichtige Nachrichten trotzdem.
The boss is on vacation, but he still reads important messages.