
der Schüler
student
A person, usually a child or teenager, who attends a general-education school.
Der Lehrer erklärt den Schülern die neue Aufgabe.
The teacher explains the new task to the students.
student / pupil
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student
A person, usually a child or teenager, who attends a general-education school.
Der Lehrer erklärt den Schülern die neue Aufgabe.
The teacher explains the new task to the students.

pupil / follower
A follower or learner of a particular master, doctrine, or philosophical or artistic school.
Aristoteles war ein Schüler von Platon.
Aristotle was a pupil of Plato.
The word 'Schüler' (student / pupil) is directly connected to 'die Schule' (school). A Schüler is a person who attends a school in order to learn.
Die Schule organisiert einen Ausflug für alle Schüler.
The school is organizing a trip for all students.
The context makes clear which meaning is intended. Words like 'Klasse' (class), 'Lehrer' (teacher), or 'Fach' (subject) point to a schoolboy or school student. Names of philosophers or artists point to a follower or learner.
Mein Sohn ist ein guter Schüler in Mathematik.
My son is a good student in mathematics.
In the meaning 'Anhänger' (follower), the preposition 'von' (of / by) is almost always used to name the person or doctrine that someone follows.
Er gilt als wichtiger Schüler der Frankfurter Schule.
He is considered an important pupil of the Frankfurt School.
student
A Schüler attends a general-education school, while a Student is enrolled at a university or college. For a person who is learning, the choice here therefore depends on the educational institution: Schüler is appropriate at school, and Student at a university or college.

Als Schüler besucht Paul jeden Morgen das Gymnasium.
As a school student, Paul goes to the academic secondary school every morning.
Als Student besucht Paul jeden Morgen die Universität.
As a university student, Paul goes to the university every morning.